1
2
  -2024
.. 
 
(C    )
: 3     : 75
:             
-
1.      ?    -   ?
2.    ?          
-
3.    ?        ?     
 
4.    , C  -   
-
5.            
2
2
6. -             
-
7.       -   ?     

8. -               
  -2024
..  
 
(C    )
: 3     : 75
:             
-
1.      ?    -   ?
:     
   ?
   , ,             
       ( : 0s  1s)     
    ,        ,     
3
2
      ,  -  -   
      
 ,  
  ' "A"  
 ,   "A"   

  ,  "A"           
      
    
?
    
:
1.            
2.  -  (  , , )       

3.  -           
 
   
               :
1. ASCII (     )
2.  ASCII
3. EBCDIC (     )
4. 
5. ISCII (     )
        
1. ASCII (     )
ASCII                  1963 
        7      
   (
) 0  1   ,  7-  2⁷ = 128 -    
ASCII  :
0  9    ASCII  48  57      
  A  Z  ASCII  65  90      
  a  z  ASCII  97  122      
@, #, $, %,       ASCII   
4
2
ASCII  :
1.   - ASCII  128    ,      
(  , , , )   

2. -      
-      ASCII
            
2.  ASCII
 ASCII    ,   ASCII       7 
 8     ,  128   256  (2⁸ = 256)    
 ASCII  :
   ,  ,     
  -     ,   é, ñ, ç
:

 ASCII  ()

128
130
ñ
164
£
156
:
        

-   ASCII  -     ,   
   
3. EBCDIC (     )
EBCDIC        IBM        
 ASCII  ,     '   , EBCDIC   ' IBM    
 :
8   , 256     
IBM      ' 
 
5
2
ASCII    
    
 ( , 'A'  
 
 'B'   )
:

EBCDIC  ()
193

194
129
:
     
 
ASCII       -
4. 
            ASCII  EBCDIC  , 
   ,             
,   , , ,        
 :
 -      :
o UTF-8 (8- ,      )
o UTF-16 (16- ,      )
o UTF-32 (32- ,       )
 10      
:

 (UTF-8)  ()
0041
()
0939
()
4E2D  
󺅕󺅓󺅖󺅗󺅘󺅔 ()
1F60A (1F60A)
6
2
  :
     
,          
ASCII   (UTF-8  ASCII    )
:
  ASCII      
5. ISCII (     )
ISCII , , , ,           
 :
ASCII  8-     
             
    , 
       
:

ISCII  ()
0
7

                 ASCII,
Extended ASCII, EBCDIC, Unicode,  ISCII   ,        '
    , 
         
    :
 
 
   

128
   
 ASCII
256
   

256
 
7
2
 
 
   

10  
 , ,  

 
 
       -      
              ,  -
       
 
2.    ?          
:    -
               
   ,    ,    
 ,           
   
  '     ,    ,       ,
    
   
          '   ,  
 ,             , 
,                   

  
 ?
1.    :         
 ,  
          ,      
 
2.  
 :         
   
           
3.  
 :        ,    
   
4.   
 :         
     
8
2
5.  
 :       ,    
   
   
1.    :  '        
2.       :       ()   
   ()
3.    :, ,        
4.  : ,    
5.    :          
6.   :            
     
                  
      
1. 
   -           
      ,     -     
  :
        
       
 
    
 
    
      :
1. :      
 
2. :    
 
3. :  
  (  /
 / )
4. :   
 
5. :   
9
2
  :
  
                
    :
1.  
2.   
3.      2     
o  ,  "Even"  
o  
,  "Odd"  
4. 
      
        
2. 
          ,  -   
           '     
 
  :
           
-      
 
  -      
 
         
  :
           

 
  MOD 2 == 0 
""  

""  
  
10
2

                  
 
    





-

  
  






               
  
          
   ,               ,
        ,        
 
         -   
              , 
               
 
-
3.    ?        ?     
 
:        
               
         ,      ""
                 
 ,        C         
           
   ?
11
2
              
   
                 
 
,         

     ?
 
   ,              
 -     :
       (;)  
,  ,       
   
  
        
        
C     
 - (;)
#  <stdio.h>
 () {
printf(", !") //  
 0;
}
:      
 printf("Hello, World!")     
 -  
#  <stdio.h>
int mian() { // 'main' 'mian'    
 ("");
 0;
}
:  mian()    
     
   
#  <stdio.h>
 () {
12
2
printf(", !"; //    )
 0;
}
:       )    
    ?
         '      
  
       -, ,     
      -  
         
   ?
                  
    ,      
,    
       
     ?
      :
        
     
     

       
C     
   
#  <stdio.h>
 () {
 = 5,  = 2;
int sum = a - b; // a + b   
printf(": %d", );
 0;
}
13
2
: a  b     ,      
 if    
#  <stdio.h>
 () {
  = 20;
 ( > 18) {
printf("
    
"); //  
}
 0;
}
:  ,       "
    "    
    
#  <stdio.h>
 () {
 i = 1;
  (i != 10) {
 ("%d", );
i += 2; //    10   

}
 0;
}
: 
 i 2    ,     10 
,     

     ?
  -  '       printf()    
            
            
   -            
14
2
        

- 
 

     
 
      
    

    
   
    
   
 
    

      


 -,  -

 ,  
  if  
   
         :
- :   "2   "  , 
""    
  "egss"  ,      
  ,   
    
 :  "2 "   "2   "  ,   
            ,   
         

        ,      
             
   
     ,             
  -           
15
2
4.    , C  -   
: C     
C          '      , ,
            C    
               
1.  
            



 

+
5 + 3
8

-
10 - 4
6

*
6 * 2
12

/
8 / 2
4

%
10% 3
1
:
2.  ( ) 
          (1)   (0)   



 
==
 
5 == 5
1 ()
!=
  
5 != 3
1 ()
>
  
8 > 4
1
16
2
<>
  
3 < 7
1
>=
    
6 >= 6
1
<=
     
4 <= 5
1
:
3.  
          



&&
 
(x > 5) && (y < 10)
`
`
 OR
`(x > 5)`
(y > 10)`
!
 
!(x == y)
:
4.  
    '   


&
 
17
2
`
`
 OR
^
 XOR
<<
 
>>
 
:
5.  
           


 
=
x = 5
5 x 
+=
x += 2
x = x + 2
-=
x -= 3
x = x - 3
*=
x *= 4
x = x * 4
/=
x /= 2
x = x / 2
% =
x % = 3
x = x % 3
6.    
     1        


 
++
++
x = x + 1
--
--
x = x - 1
18
2
:
7.  () 
-     
:
 ? __ : __;
:
8.  
  
            
  (,)
       
int a = (1, 2, 3); // a 3  
  (*  &)
          
19
2
 = 10;
int *ptr = &a; // a    

C   -           
        
-
5.             
:     
            ,    (    )
  (    )   , 
 ' ,    , 
          ,   , 
          
     
           ,      
            ,  
  
 ,          
      (      )
         ,      ,     
      
             
     
   
          

           
     (     )
1.  -     ( , [5, 3, 8, 2, 1])
2.            ,   
3.   '         - 
4.               ' 
 
5.     ,     
20
2
6. 
        ,         
        
   -- 
 1:        
, 
          
21
2
    -    
 2:   (    )

  :
o       
o           '   

       
 3:    
   , 
      
 
      : [5, 3, 8, 2, 1]
 1:
5  3     → [3, 5, 8, 2, 1]
5  8      
8  2     → [3, 5, 2, 8, 1]
8  1     → [3, 5, 2, 1, 8]
 2:
3  5      
5  2     → [3, 2, 5, 1, 8]
5  1     → [3, 2, 1, 5, 8]
 3:
3  2     → [2, 3, 1, 5, 8]
3  1     → [2, 1, 3, 5, 8]
 4:
2  1     → [1, 2, 3, 5, 8]
 ,     
   
22
2
     
    
(      )
   
   
    
 (          
   )
        
   
1.  -           ,     
2.  -            
3.  -     ,  ,   
4.  -  ""    -  -  
  ,       

         ,   ,    
            
   ,  
  
         -        -
-      
6. -             
:   C
C    
C            ,         
  (\0)    
 C       -   

,           C    ' 
      
, 
   C    -  '  
1. strlen() -     
23
2
:
             ,   (\0) 

:
_  (  *);
:
:
()", !"      ,   13  
       

2. strcpy() -      
:
          
:
char *strcpy(char *, const char *);
:
24
2
:
strcpy(, );        
             
3. strcat() -   
:
      ()    
:
char *strcat(char *, const char *);
:
:
strcat(, );       
            
4. strcmp() -     
:
              :
0     
       
        
:
 strcmp(  *str1,   *str2);
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2
:
:

 "Apple"     "Banana"   
 ,    
    
5. ()-    (   
)
:
      
   strrev()     , 
  C  
    
,  
 
   
:
:
      ,    -  ,     

26
2
           
 

C       ,  , ,      
               C 
             strcpy()  strcat()
                
-
7.       -   ?     

: C        - 
-
C   ,    ,        
 
    ,            
(     )        C      
    :
1.    
2.    
                   
        
1.    

    ,               
         
 
   
         
 '   
 ,     
  ,    ,   
    
27
2
:
 :
   : 10
   : 10
:
 10       changeValue   
changeValue  , num 20    ,     x  

       x 10  
       :
 

     
     ,       
2.    

    ,            
      
                  
        ,  
      , 
        
28
2
:
 :
   : 10
   : 20
:
   , 
x     
changeValue  , *num   '     
 ,   *num
  x    
   , x 20    
     :
 
      
            (  )    
         

    
   

   
   
     ?


   
 
  

       
    
29
2
 
      
    , 
        
 C     
      
:
 :
   : 1
   : 100
:
 
  '    
,        
 modifyArray    ,    main    

               '    
       
      ,   
                  ,
      
     C          
      -     !
30
2
8. -               
: C         
C   ,            ,
           '       
            ,   (  
    )    (       )  
   , 
          
1.   ?
        
          C
,      :
 
 
 
 
                ({}  
)                   

:
:
 x myFunction()   ,           
 
myFunction()   x          
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 
          ,   '    ' 
          
:
:
globalVar        ,    main()  myFunction()
    
 
 -     {}            
   
:
:
 y  {}     
          
2.   ?
       
            
           '   
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2
C       :
1.  ()
2.  ()
3.  ()
4.  ()
   ()
          
               '    
:
:
 a       demo()         
   ()
              
                
:
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2
:
 
        
()      
  
   ()
 extern               
           
:  1.:
2.:
:
extern  File1.c  File2.c       
   ()
      RAM   CPU     
  
   ' 
         
:
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:
i    ,    
 

 

 



 
  

  
 

      


 

     
 
 

 
CPU      
    ,
        C 
       !
:            ( )      
         , 
         